Effectiveness and Efficiency of Defense Environmental Cleanup Activities of DOE's Office of Environmental ManagementEffectiveness and Efficiency of Defense Environmental Cleanup Activities of DOE's Office of Environmental Management The U. S. Department of Energy (DOE) and its predecessor agencies have conducted activities to develop atomic energy for civilian and defense purposes since the initiation of the World War II Manhattan Project in 1942. These activities took place at large federal land reservations of hundreds of square miles involving industrial scale